MySQL Performance Optimization Pitfalls: 9 Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them
MAR 11, 2025 • WRITTEN BY ROMAN AGABEKOV
Tuning MySQL often starts with some basic adjustments – maybe you tweak a setting or add an index and see a quick boost. But those simple fixes rarely hold up long-term, like when your database gets more traffic or your data grows, because they don’t tackle the deeper issues at hand.
The traditional approach leaves gaps that turn into real problems later. That’s why you’ve got to pay attention to the bigger mistakes, like running on default settings or letting maintenance slide. Those are the things that’ll slow you down, frustrate users, and have you in a perpetual scramble to catch up.
The traditional approach leaves gaps that turn into real problems later. That’s why you’ve got to pay attention to the bigger mistakes, like running on default settings or letting maintenance slide. Those are the things that’ll slow you down, frustrate users, and have you in a perpetual scramble to catch up.
Table of contents
1. Ignoring Query Optimization
2. Over-relying on Default Configurations
3. Improper Indexing Strategies
4. Mismanaging Connection Handling
5. Ignoring Database Maintenance
6. Not Monitoring Performance Effectively
7. Failing to Address Hardware Limitations
8. Overlooking Caching Strategies
9. Choosing a Storage Engine
2. Over-relying on Default Configurations
3. Improper Indexing Strategies
4. Mismanaging Connection Handling
5. Ignoring Database Maintenance
6. Not Monitoring Performance Effectively
7. Failing to Address Hardware Limitations
8. Overlooking Caching Strategies
9. Choosing a Storage Engine
1. Ignoring Query Optimization
A bad query can do serious damage. Take a table with 10 million rows – if a query is searching for one record without an index, it scans every single row. That is not only slow, but it can also push CPU usage to 90% and block other queries. A single unoptimized SELECT can turn a 50ms operation into a 5-second slog, dragging the whole system down with it.
Using EXPLAIN and ANALYZE to Detect and Fix Queries
MySQL has two key tools to help you understand and fix your problem queries. Start with EXPLAIN. It lays out MySQL’s plan for running your query. It’s like a blueprint for how the server will fetch your data.
EXPLAIN SELECT name FROM customers WHERE email = 'john@example.com';You’ll get a table with columns like id, select_type, table, type, key, and rows. Focus on type and rows. If type says “ALL,” MySQL’s doing a full table scan, which means it’s reading every row with no shortcuts. The rows column estimates how many it’ll check, so on a 10-million-row table, that could very well be 10 million. You might also see key listed as NULL, meaning no index is helping.
To fix this, you can then add an index on the column you’re filtering:
To fix this, you can then add an index on the column you’re filtering:
CREATE INDEX idx_email ON customers(email);EXPLAIN only predicts, it doesn’t actually run the query to check. In MySQL 8.0.18 and later, you can use ANALYZE to execute the query and return real details like rows scanned, execution time, and even loop counts for joins or subqueries.
Common Query Mistakes to Avoid
Certain query habits can tank performance if you’re not careful. They’re easy to fall into but just as easy to fix once you know what to look for:
- SELECT *: Using SELECT * pulls every column in the table, even if you only need a couple. This wastes bandwidth and memory. Say you’ve got a table with 20 columns, but you just want to look at the name and email columns. Use SELECT name, email to target those columns and avoid querying the rest.
- Unindexed JOINs: Joining without indexes on the join fields makes MySQL scan every row – like 10,000 rows in one table against 100,000 in another, hitting a billion comparisons. The ON clause (e.g., ON orders.customer_id = customers.id) specifies which columns to match. Index those columns to avoid a full scan.
- Missing Filters: If you don’t use WHERE or LIMIT to filter your queries, MySQL reads every row in the table, even if you don’t need them all. This is brutal for large tables. But when you add filters like SELECT name FROM customers WHERE active = 1 LIMIT 10, then you are reducing the execution time because you are requesting that this query only return 10 active customers.
2. Over-relying on Default Configurations
Out of the box, MySQL is tuned for compatibility and safety, not speed. For example, the innodb_buffer_pool_size starts at 128MB – on a 16GB server, that’s less than 1% of your RAM, so you’ll be stuck with constant disk reads. Defaults may work for small setups but tend to cap out pretty fast with real traffic.
Settings You Need to Change
- innodb_buffer_pool_size: Allocate a large percentage of available system memory to keep frequently accessed InnoDB data cached. This minimizes disk I/O.
- max_connections: Scale your connections based on expected traffic and simultaneous users, but monitor overall memory usage to catch resource strain.
- tmp_table_size: Set to accommodate large temporary datasets in memory. This avoids unnecessary disk swaps during complex queries.
- innodb_log_file_size: Size transaction logs to handle high write activity without issue and avoid bottlenecks in transaction processing.
- table_open_cache: Match to the number of tables actively used in your environment to reduce repetitive file operations.
- thread_cache_size: Size to recycle frequently used threads effectively and skip the overhead of constantly creating new ones.
- innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit: Choose between strict data safety or faster writes, tailoring to your tolerance for performance versus recovery risk.
- key_buffer_size: Allocate memory for indexing if using engines that benefit from key caching, particularly in mixed-storage environments.
- sort_buffer_size: Assign enough memory per connection for complex sorting tasks but avoid overallocation for simpler queries to balance speed with responsible memory use.
Tuning Made Easier with Releem
Doing this by hand means a lot of testing and guessing. Releem looks at your actual workload and suggests precise values. It automates the whole tuning process by monitoring performance metrics, spotting bottlenecks, and suggesting optimizations. You can apply these configuration recommendations automatically or via a cron job or one-click updates, or review them first in the dashboard if you prefer control.
Read more about Releem’s Tuning Process here.
3. Improper Indexing Strategies
Indexes come with trade-offs. If you add too many, like 10 indexes, on a single table, then every time you run an INSERT or UPDATE, MySQL has to update all of those indexes. That can tack on something like 10 milliseconds per write.
On the flip side, if you don’t have enough indexes, your reads will suffer. A simple SELECT on a table with a million rows might take 20 ms with an index, but without one, this might stretch to 2 seconds or more to complete a full table scan.
On the flip side, if you don’t have enough indexes, your reads will suffer. A simple SELECT on a table with a million rows might take 20 ms with an index, but without one, this might stretch to 2 seconds or more to complete a full table scan.
How to Find Indexes You Don’t Need
Use SHOW INDEX FROM table_name, which lists all indexes on a table along with the columns they cover. Then, check if your queries actually use them by running a tool like pt-index-usage (from Percona Toolkit) against your slow query log.
If an index shows no usage, it’s not helping your queries and only adds overhead to writes. You can remove it with DROP INDEX index_name ON table_name.
If an index shows no usage, it’s not helping your queries and only adds overhead to writes. You can remove it with DROP INDEX index_name ON table_name.
Smarter Indexing Options
To get more out of your indexes, consider techniques like covering indexes, which pack all the columns a query needs into the index (CREATE INDEX idx_cover ON table(column1, column2)) so MySQL can skip fetching data from the table.
Then, there are partial indexes that focus on just a subset of rows (CREATE INDEX idx_active ON users(id) WHERE active = 1) – like those matching a specific condition – cutting the index size and boosting both query and write performance by ignoring irrelevant data.
And finally, composite indexes combine multiple columns into one (CREATE INDEX idx_multi ON table(column1, column2)), letting queries that filter on several fields run faster by narrowing results in one go instead of multiple passes.
Then, there are partial indexes that focus on just a subset of rows (CREATE INDEX idx_active ON users(id) WHERE active = 1) – like those matching a specific condition – cutting the index size and boosting both query and write performance by ignoring irrelevant data.
And finally, composite indexes combine multiple columns into one (CREATE INDEX idx_multi ON table(column1, column2)), letting queries that filter on several fields run faster by narrowing results in one go instead of multiple passes.
4. Mismanaging Connection Handling
Every time an app opens a new connection to MySQL, it takes about 1-2 milliseconds to set up the handshake between the app and the server. If your application is opening up connections constantly, those milliseconds can add up to 1 to 2 seconds of delay.
Plus, MySQL has a limit called max_connections, set to 151 by default, which limits how many connections can be opened at once. If traffic spikes and you hit that cap, new users can’t connect and get hit with a “Too Many Connections” error.
Plus, MySQL has a limit called max_connections, set to 151 by default, which limits how many connections can be opened at once. If traffic spikes and you hit that cap, new users can’t connect and get hit with a “Too Many Connections” error.
How to Keep Connections Open and Reduce Overhead
Persistent connections reuse what’s already there, which avoids the 1-2 ms delay of opening new ones. Depending on your ecosystem and performance needs, you have a few options:
- In PHP, enabling mysqli.persistent allows MySQL connections to persist across requests.
- In Java, you can use HikariCP to maintain a pool of ready-to-use connections, which is ideal for high-load scenarios.
5. Ignoring Database Maintenance
When you skip routine maintenance, neglected tables get bloated. Deletes and updates leave gaps, which MySQL doesn’t automatically remain. For instance, a 1GB table can balloon to 1.5GB with 30% of extra space being wasted on overhead. This mess forces MySQL to work harder, scanning through fragmented data and allowing queries by a significant margin.
Running OPTIMIZE and ANALYZE
- Running OPTIMIZE TABLE orders; forces MySQL to rebuild the table from scratch, copying over only active data and leaving the empty gaps out.
- Following up with ANALYZE TABLE orders; refreshes statistics so MySQL optimizer can pick the fastest way to run your queries.
Automating Maintenance
You should regularly optimize your tables, but you don’t need to babysit this task. You can use MySQL’s event scheduler:
CREATE EVENT optimize_orders
ON SCHEDULE EVERY 1 MONTH
DO OPTIMIZE TABLE orders;6. Not Monitoring Performance Effectively
If you don’t have proper monitoring mechanisms in place, you’ll miss problems like a query suddenly taking 10 seconds instead of 1 or the buffer pool swapping to disk because it's too small – stuff users will notice before you do.
Make sure you’re tracking the following metrics if you want to spot trouble early:
You can find more detailed information about these metrics here.
Make sure you’re tracking the following metrics if you want to spot trouble early:
- MySQL Latency
- Throughput
- Slow Queries Count
- Aborted Clients
- CPU Usage
- RAM Usage
- SWAP Usage
- Input/Output Operations per Second (IOPS)
You can find more detailed information about these metrics here.
Monitoring with Releem
Releem’s a solid pick for monitoring because it makes keeping an eye on these metrics easy, not a headache like some older tools. The interface is clean and user-friendly, giving you a straightforward way to visualize CPU load, disk I/O, or slow queries so you can efficiently address problems. You can even check specific time ranges to view how your MySQL server has performed over time.
Learn more about Releem’s monitoring capabilities here.
7. Failing to Address Hardware Limitations
Weak hardware can choke your database, no matter how well you tune it. Slow CPUs choke on queries, low RAM forces disk I/O, and sluggish disks (think HDDs vs. SSDs) lag on writes. You can’t outrun these issues.
If your hardware is holding you back, you can scale vertically or horizontally. Vertical scaling involves adding more RAM or a faster CPU to your one server. It’s a simple fix, but you’ll eventually hit a ceiling on how much you can upgrade. Or you can go with horizontal scaling by adding extra servers that will split the load. This approach is more work to set up with replication stuff to manage, but it's far more scalable.
8. Overlooking Caching Strategies
MySQL’s built-in query cache sounds nice in theory. It speeds up repeated reads by storing results, but this creates a headache for writes. Every table change invalidates the cache, which is why it’s off by default in MySQL 8.0.
Better Ways to Cache
- Redis: A super-fast, in-memory caching tool that stores data like query results or sessions in RAM, cutting database hits. It’s flexible, supports complex data types, and scales easily for big applications.
- Memcached: A straightforward, lightweight caching option that keeps things simple with key-value storage. It’s quick to set up, great for basic caching like page snippets, and works well in smaller setups.
- ProxySQL: A smart proxy that sits between your app and MySQL, caching query results at that layer. It’s easy to tweak, boosts read performance without app changes, and handles load balancing, too.
- Releem: tracks cache performance and suggests intelligent cache tuning. It analyzes metrics like hit ratios and query patterns, helping you optimize caching for your specific workload.
9. Choosing a Storage Engine
Picking the right storage engine depends on your workload. InnoDB is your best bet for high-transactional, concurrency-heavy applications because it offers robust support for ACID transactions, row-level locking, and reliable crash discovery. MyISAM is better for read-intensive scenarios like reporting because it delivers faster query performance with a simpler architecture.
Bend MySQL to Your Will
Your MySQL performance can tank fast if you fall into the traps of unoptimized queries, skimpy default settings, or neglected maintenance. But you can get ahead of these problems with a solid plan. Focus on fine-tuning your configurations, solving index inefficiencies, and cleaning up your queries. In most cases, these are the biggest offenders. Then, you can start to address some of the other pitfalls until your entire database has been optimized.
Remember to stay curious and embrace automation to make things easier on yourself. Keep learning and experimenting, and let your tools do the heavy lifting where they can.
Remember to stay curious and embrace automation to make things easier on yourself. Keep learning and experimenting, and let your tools do the heavy lifting where they can.
WRITTEN BY ROMAN AGABEKOV